Readings that outline the ideas of statistics and the uniqueness of statistics
Cobb, George. (1992). Teaching statistics. In Lynn A. Steen (Ed.), Heeding the call for change: Suggestions for curricular action (MAA Notes No. 22, pp. 3-43). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America.
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Cobb, George, & Moore, David S. (1997). Mathematics, statistics, and teaching. American Mathematical Monthly, 104(9), 801-823.
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Moore, David S. (1990). Uncertainty. In Lynn S. Steen (Ed.), On the shoulders of giants: New approaches to numeracy (pp. 95-137). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
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Moore, David S., Cobb, George W., Garfield, Joan, & Meeker, William Q. (1995). Statistics education fin de siècle. The American Statistician, 49(3), 250-260.
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Moore, David. (1997). New pedagogy and new content: The case of statistics. International Statistics Review, 65, 123-165.
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Readings that summarize and synthesize the research literature
Garfield, Joan, & Ahlgren, Andrew. (1988). Difficulties in learning basic concepts in probability and statistics: Implications for research. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education,19(1), 44-63.
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Garfield, Joan. (1995). How students learn statistics. International Statistical Review, 63, 25-34.
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Konold, Clifford, & Higgins, Traci L. ( 2003). Reasoning about data. In Jeremy Kilpatrick, W. Gary Martin, & Deborah Schifter (Eds.), A research companion to principles and standards for school mathematics (pp. 193-215). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Lajoie, Susanne P., Jacobs, Victoria R., & Lavigne, Nancy C. (1995). Empowering children in the use of statistics. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 14(4), 401-425.
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Shaughnessy, J. Michael. (1992). Research in probability and statistics: Reflections and directions. In Douglas A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 465-494). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Shaughnessy, J. Michael. (2003). Research on students' understanding of probability. In Jeremy Kilpatrick, W. Gary Martin, & Deborah Schifter (Eds.), A research companion to principles and standards for school mathematics (pp. 216-226). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Shaughnessy, J. Michael, Garfield, Joan, & Greer, Brian. (1996). Data handling. In Alan J. Bishop, Ken Clements, Christine Keitel, Jeremy Kilpatrick, & Colette Laborde (Eds.), International Handbook of Mathematics Education, I (pp. 205-237). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Books on Statistics Education
Ben-Zvi, Dani, & Garfield, Joan. (Eds.). (2004). The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Garfield, Joan, & Burrill, Gail. (Eds.). (1997). Research on the role of technology in teaching and learning statistics. Proceedings of the 1996 IASE Round Table Conference. Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Statistical Institute.
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Hawkins, Anne, Jolliffe, Flavia, & Glickman, Leslie. (1992). Teaching statistical concepts. London: Longman.
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Lajoie, Susanne. (Ed.). (1998). Reflections on statistics: Learning, teaching, and assessment in grades K-12. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Readings on research issues in statistics education
Batanero, Carmen, Garfield, Joan B., & Ottaviani, M. Gabriella. (2001). Building a research agenda for statistics education: A response to reactions in SERN 2(1). Statistical Education Research Newsletter, 2(2), 9-14.
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Green, David. (1993). Data analysis: What research do we need? In Lionel Pereira-Mendoza (Ed.), Introducing data analysis in the schools: Who should teach it? Proceedings of the 1992 ISI Round Table Conference, 219-239. Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Statistical Institute.
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Jolliffe, Flavia. (1998). What is research in statistical education? In Lionel Pereira-Mendoza, Lua Seu Kea, Tang Wee Kee, & Wing-Keung Wong (Eds.), Statistical Education: Expanding the Network. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Teaching of Statistics, 801-806. Singapore: International Statistical Institute.
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Holcomb, John. (2002). The ethics of comparison: a statistician wrestles with the orthodoxy of a control group. In Pat Hutchings (Ed.), Ethical Issues in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Menlo Park, CA: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Shaughnessy, J. Michael. (1997). Missed opportunities in research on the teaching and learning of data and chance. In Fred Biddulph & Ken Carr (Eds.), People in mathematics education. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia Incorporated, 1, 6-22. Waikato, New Zealand: Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia.
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Readings on Specific Topics in Statistics Education
Classic studies of children's' intuitions about probability
Fischbein, Efraim. (1975). The intuitive sources of probabilistic thinking in children. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
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Piaget, Jean, & Inhelder, Barbel. (1975). The origin of the idea of chance in children. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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Studies of reasoning about probability
Falk, Ruma, & Konold, Clifford. (1994). Random means hard to digest. Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics, 16(1), 2-12.
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Fong, Geoffrey T., Krantz, David H., & Nisbett, Richard E. (1986). The effects of statistical training on thinking about everyday problems. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 253-292.
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Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul, & Tversky, Amos. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Konold, Clifford. (1989). Informal conceptions of probability. Cognition and Instruction, 6, 59-98.
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Konold, Clifford, Pollatsek, Alexander, Well, Arnie, Lohmeier, Jill, & Lipson, Abigail. (1993). Inconsistencies in students' reasoning about probability. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 24, 392-414.
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Lecoutre, Marie-Paule. (1992). Cognitive models and problem spaces in "purely random" situations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 23, 557-568.
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Metz, Kathleen E. (1998). Emergent understanding and attribution of randomness: Comparative analysis of the reasoning of primary grade children and undergraduates. Cognition and Instruction, 16, 285-365.
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Pollatsek, Alexander, Konold, Clifford E., Well, Arnie D., & Lima, S. D. (1984). Beliefs underlying random sampling. Memory & Cognition, 12, 395-401.
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Readings on technology in teaching statistics
Ben-Zvi, Dani. (2000). Towards understanding the role of technological tools in statistical learning. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2(1-2), 127-155.
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Biehler, Rolf. (1997). Software for learning and for doing statistics. International Statistical Review, 65(2), 167-189.
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Hawkins, Anne. (1997). Myth-Conceptions!. In Garfield, Joan, & Burrill, Gail. (Eds.). (1997). Research on the role of technology in teaching and learning statistics. Proceedings of the 1996 IASE Round Table Conference (pp. 1-14). Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Statistical Institute.
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Readings on statistical reasoning or thinking
Cobb, Paul. (1999). Individual and collective mathematical learning: The case of statistical data analysis. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 1(1), 5-44.
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delMas, Robert (2004). A comparison of mathematical and statistical reasoning. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 79-95). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Jones, Graham A., Langrall, Cynthia W., Thornton, Carol A., & Mogill, A. Timothy. (1997). A framework for assessing and nurturing young children's thinking in probability. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 32, 101-125.
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Jones, Graham A., Thornton, Carol A., Langrall, Cynthia W., Mooney, Edward S., Perry, Bob, & Putt, Ian J. (2000). A framework for characterizing children's statistical thinking. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2, 269-307.
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Lovett, Marsha, and Greenhouse, Joel B. (2000). Applying cognitive theory to statistics instruction. The American Statistician, 54(3), 196-206
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Lovett, Marsha C. (2001). A collaborative convergence on studying reasoning processes: A case study in statistics. In Sharon M. Carver and David Klahr (Eds.), Cognition and instruction: twenty-five years of progress (pp. 347-384). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Nisbett , Richard. (1993). Rules for reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Pfannkuch, Maxine, & Wild, Chris. (2004). Towards an understanding of statistical thinking. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 17-46). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Sedlmeier, Peter. (1999). Improving statistical reasoning: Theoretical models and practical implications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Wild, Chris, & Pfannkuch, Maxine. (1999). Statistical thinking in empirical enquiry. International Statistical Review, 67, 223-266.
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Readings on statistical literacy
Cobb, George W. (1997). Mere literacy is not enough. In Lynn A. Steen (Ed.), Why numbers count: Quantitative literacy for tomorrow's America (pp. 75-90). New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
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Gal, Iddo. (2002). Adults' statistical literacy: Meanings, components, responsibilities. International Statistical Review, 70, 1-51.
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Wallman, Katherine K. (1993). Enhancing statistical literacy: Enriching our society. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(421), 1-8.
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Readings on student assessment
Chance, Beth L. (1997). Experiences with authentic assessment techniques in an introductory statistics course. Journal of Statistics Education, 5(3). Retrieved December 12, 2004 from www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v5n3/chance.html
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Gal, Iddo, & Garfield, Joan. (Eds.). (1997). The assessment challenge in statistics education. Amsterdam: IOS Press and International Statistical Institute.
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Garfield, Joan (1994). Beyond testing and grading: Using assessment to improve student learning. Journal of Statistics Education, 2(1). Retrieved December 12, 2004 from www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v2n1/garfield.html
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Garfield, Joan, & Gal, Iddo. (1999). Assessment and statistics education: Current challenges and directions. International Statistical Review, 67(1), 1-12.
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Konold, Clifford. (1995). Issues in assessing conceptual understanding in probability and statistics. Journal of Statistics Education, 3(1). Retrieved December 12, 2004 from http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v3n1/konold.html
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Zawojewski, Judith S., & Shaughnessy, J. Michael. (2000). Data and chance. In Edward A. Silver & Patricia A. Kenney (Eds.), Results from the seventh mathematics assessment of the national assessment of educational progress (pp. 235-268). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Research on specific types of reasoning
Data
Ben-Zvi, Dani. (2004). Reasoning about data analysis. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 121-145). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Ben-Zvi, Dani, & Arcavi, Abraham. (2001). Junior high school students' construction of global views of data and data representations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 45(1-3), 35-65.
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Hancock, Chris, Kaput, James J., & Goldsmith, Lynn T. (1992). Authentic inquiry with data: Critical barriers to classroom implementation. Educational Psychologist, 27(3), 337-364.
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Lehrer, Richard, & Romberg, Thomas. (1996). Exploring children's data modeling. Cognition and Instruction, 14(1), 69-108.
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Averages
Mokros, Jan, & Russell, Susan J. (1995). Children's concepts of average and representativeness. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 26(1), 20-39.
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Konold, Clifford, & Pollatsek, Alexander. (2002). Data analysis as the search for signals in noisy processes. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 33(4), 259-289.
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Noss, Richard, Pozzi, Stefano, & Hoyles, Celia. (1999). Touching epistemologies: Meanings of average and variation in nursing practice. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 40, 25-51.
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Correlation and Covariation
Cobb, Paul, McClain, Kay, & Gravemeijer, Koeno. (2002). Learning about statistical covariation. Cognition and Instruction, 21(1), 1-78.
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Moritz, Jonathan (2004). Reasoning about covariation. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 227-255). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Ross, John A., & Cousins, J. Bradley. (1993). Patterns of student growth in reasoning about correlational problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(1), 49-65.
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Distribution and Graphs
Bakker, Arthur, & Gravemeijer, Koeno. (2004). Learning to reason about distribution. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 147-168). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Bakker, Arthur. (2004). Reasoning about shape as a pattern in variability. Statistics Education Research Journal, 3(2), 64-83.
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Curcio, Frances R. (1987). Comprehension of mathematical relationships expressed in graphs. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 18(5), 382-393.
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Friel, Susan N., Curcio, Frances R., & Bright, George W. (2001), Making sense of graphs: Critical factors influencing comprehension and instructional implications. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 32(2), 124-158.
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Variability
Gould, Rob. (2004).Variability: One statistician's view. Statistics Education Research Journal, 3(2), 7-16.
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Meletiou, Maria. (2002). Conceptions of variation: A literature review. Statistics Education Research Journal, 1(1), 46-52.
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Reading, Chris. (2004). Student description of variation while working with weather data. Statistics Education Research Journal, 3(2),84-105.
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Reading, Chris, & Shaughnessy, J. Michael. (2004). Reasoning about variation. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 201-226). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Sampling
Rubin, Andee, Bruce, Betram, & Tenney, Y. (1991). Learning about sampling: Trouble at the core of statistics. In David Vere-Jones (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Teaching Statistics, 1, 314-319). Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Statistical Institute.
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Schwartz, Daniel L., Goldman, Susan R., Vye, Nancy J., & Barron, Brigid J. (1998). Aligning everyday and mathematical reasoning: The case of sampling assumptions. In Susanne P. Lajoie (Ed.), Reflections on statistics: Learning, teaching, and assessment in grades K-12 (pp. 233-273). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Watson, Jane M. (2004). Developing reasoning about samples. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 277-294). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Watson, Jane M., & Moritz, Jonathan B. (2000). Developing concepts of sampling. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 31(1), 44-70.
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Sampling distributions
delMas, Robert C., Garfield, Joan, & Chance, Beth L. (1999). A model of classroom research in action: Developing simulation activities to improve students' statistical reasoning. Journal of Statistics Education, 7(3). Retrieved December 12, 2004 from http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/secure/v7n3/delmas.cfm
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Chance, Beth, delMas Robert, & Garfield, Joan. (2004). Reasoning about sampling distributions. In Dani Ben-Zvi & Joan Garfield (Eds.), The challenge of developing statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking (pp. 295-323). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
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Inference
Watson, Jane M. (2002). Inferential reasoning and the influence of cognitive conflict. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 51, 225 - 256.
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Watson, Jane M., & Moritz, Jonathan B. (1999). The beginning of statistical inference: Comparing two data sets. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 37, 145-168.
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The CAUSE Research Group is supported in part by a member initiative grant from the American Statistical Association’s Section on Statistics and Data Science Education