College --Undergrad Lower Division

  • Cartoon by John Landers (www.landers.co.uk) based on a joke popularized on the internet in 2003 soon after the start of the Iraq war (usage of this pun was rare before Jeff Gabbage's October 12, 2003 article, "She's developed weapons of math instruction" in the "Philadelphia Inquirer."). Cartoon is free to use in the classroom and on course web sites.
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  • This tutorial on the Kruskal-Wallis test includes its definition, assumptions, characteristics, and hypotheses as well as procedures for graphical comparisons. An example using output from the WINKS software is given, but those without the software can still use the tutorial. An exercise is given at the end that can be done with any statistical software package.
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  • This tutorial on Friedman's Test includes its definition, assumptions, characteristics, and hypotheses. An example using output from the WINKS software is given, but those without the software can still use the tutorial. An exercise is given at the end that can be done with any statistical software package.
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  • This page discusses the differences in parametric and nonparametric tests and when to use then.
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  • This page discusses the proper procedures for multiple comparison tests and reasons behind them.
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  • This collection of tutorials covers many statistical applications such as Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Simple Linear Regression, One and Two Sample t-tests, Paired t-test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Friedman's Test, Interpreting p-values, Comparing two groups, Parametric and Nonparametric analyses, and Multiple Comparisons. The tutorials refer to the WINKS statistical software program, but they are useful for those who do not have access to WINKS.
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  • Using cooperative learning methods, this activity provides students with 24 histograms representing distributions with differing shapes and characteristics. By sorting the histograms into piles that seem to go together, and by describing those piles, students develop awareness of the different versions of particular shapes (e.g., different types of skewed distributions, or different types of normal distributions), and that not all histograms are easy to classify. Students also learn that there is a difference between models (normal, uniform) and characteristics (skewness, symmetry, etc.).
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  • Using cooperative learning methods, this lesson introduces distributions for univariate data, emphasizing how distributions help us visualize central tendencies and variability. Students collect real data on head circumference and hand span, then describe the distributions in terms of shape, center, and spread. The lesson moves from informal to more technically appropriate descriptions of distributions.
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  • Using cooperative learning methods, this activity helps students develop a better intuitive understanding of what is meant by variability in statistics. Emphasis is placed on the standard deviation as a measure of variability. This lesson also helps students to discover that the standard deviation is a measure of the density of values about the mean of a distribution. As such, students become more aware of how clusters, gaps, and extreme values affect the standard deviation.
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  • Compared to probability calculators, the traditional format of distribution tables has the advantage of showing many values simultaneously and, thus, enables the user to examine and quickly explore ranges of probabilities. This webpage includes a list of distributions and tables, including the standard normal (Z) table, student's t table, chi-square table, and F distribution tables. An animation of the density function and distribution function is shown above each distribution table to demonstrate the effects changing degrees of freedom and significance levels have on the shape of a distribution.

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