Probability

  • This resource gives 3 questions readers should ask when presented with data and why to ask them: Where did the data come from? Have the data been peer-reviewed? How were the data collected? This page also describes why readers should: be skeptical when dealing with comparisons, and be aware of numbers taken out of context.

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  • This resource discusses sample sizes and how they are chosen.
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  • This resource explains the t-distribution and hypothesis testing (informally) using an example on laptop quality.
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  • This day may possibly be my last: but the laws of probability, so true in general, so fallacious in particular, still allow about fifteen years. A quote of English historian Edward Gibbon (1737 - 1794). The quote was written in 1787 and was published after his death in "Miscellaneous works of Edward Gibbon, with memoirs of his life and writings composed by himself" edited by Lord John Seffield, 1796
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  • This textbook for medical statistics covers many topics such as: Data display and summary; Mean and standard deviation; Populations and samples; Statements of probability and confidence intervals; Differences between means: type I and type II errors and power; Differences between percentages and paired alternatives; The t tests; The chi-squared tests; Exact probabilty test; Rank score tests; Correlation and regression; Survival analysis; Study design and choosing a statistical test.
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  • This page calculates probabilities for a Poisson distribution.

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  • This lesson poses a series of questions designed to challenge students' possible misconceptions of statistical inference and hypothesis testing. The lesson uses the statistical software, Fathom, and three datasets with information on the number of chips per canister distributed by a snack maker. The data can found at the relation address below.
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  • This module discusses the probability of an event and relative frequency. The applet shows how empirical probability converges to theoretical probability as the sample size increases. The follow-up example includes an applet that simulates drawing differently colored balls from an urn.
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  • This collection of datasets comes from several phases of drug research. Each dataset comes with a full description and questions to answer from the data.
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  • It is a good morning exercise for a research scientist to discard a pet hypothesis every day before breakfast. It keeps him young. A quote of Austrian animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989) in "On Aggression", (English translation: 1966, Harvest books) p. 12. Quote also found in "Statistically Speaking - a Dictionary of Quotations" compiled by Carl Gaither and Alma Cavazos-Gaither p. 119.
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