Dimensions in the assessment of students' understanding and application of chance

Randomness and chance variation are key ideas that can function as goals in young students' understanding and application of chance. In this chapter, I examine how these key ideas involve construction of new concepts, as well as beliefs about the place of chance in the world. These ideas are considered from the perspective of the mathematics or statistics classroom culture; i.e., how the classroom culture reflects and fosters beliefs about the place of uncertainty and chance in the world.