PnB-M12 - Three Questions to Always Ask about Data

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I provide students with a three-part framework of questions to always ask about data, which can be applied broadly: (1) What is being measured? (2) Who (or what) is in the dataset? (3) How big are the differences? The framework encourages students to engage with conceptual, context-based reasoning and communication, as emphasized in the GAISE College Report recommendations. I introduce the framework during the first or second week, applying it to long-term trends in K–12 students’ academic achievement using U.S. Department of Education standardized exam data (NAEP scores). The activity is conducted as a formative assessment: students pause during class to evaluate graphs on their own, then participate in a discussion about their observations. This initial experience sparks curiosity and a sense of discovery, as students realize they can uncover insights about real-world trends through careful analysis. The framework is referenced throughout the semester, helping students apply these questions when developing presentations about data examples they identify themselves, building confidence in their ability to interpret and communicate statistical information. I teach this course at a somewhat selective, non-profit private research university. Students are pursuing a Master’s in Public Administration in an introductory course with no quantitative prerequisites. Class sizes are typically 15–25 students, allowing for personalized discussion and feedback. While not specifically related to AI, using this framework demonstrates how critical thinking skills applied outside of quantitative contexts can empower students to explore and make discoveries through data. Students often experience joy as they recognize their ability to ask meaningful questions, detect patterns, and draw conclusions from real-world datasets. Conference attendees teaching introductory statistics—especially to non-STEM majors—will likely benefit from this approach to fostering engagement, curiosity, and the excitement of discovery.